Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Knowledge of surveying is incomplete without the knowledge of leveling. The dumpy level is a commonly used leveling instrument. To be acqu…

Surveying, the first step of starting a new civil engineering project, is a very important branch of civil engineering. To understand the techniques of surveying a student must carefully study th…

Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are obtained by optical means as opposed to the ordinary process of chain and tape. This is done with t…

Chain survey/surveying is a very old method of Surveying. This article includes the definition of chain survey along with all detailed information with necessary images about various aspects of c…

The plane table surveying is one of the fastest and easiest methods of surveying. Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the same time in plane table surveying. It is useful for…

Brick is a commonly used building material. It is a unit made of burnt clay. It is mainly composed of clay, sand, lime and bearing soil or other concrete materials. Containing a good mixture of t…

Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great interest to enginee…

White Portland cement, as the name indicates, is a kind of cement with white color. It is the same as ordinary gray Portland cement except in respect to color and fineness.

Snowcrete is the comme…

Cement, one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles, etc. Cement generally refers to a very fi…

Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diame…