The typical way of efflorescence removal is brushing and sandblasting. It works but most often, along with the efflorescence, sand erodes the bricks and mortar with its abrasive force which can d…

How to Prevent Efflorescence - Protecting your structures 

To protect from efflorescence, we have to know how it comes. Generally, three cases must be occurred for forming efflorescence…

The spandrel beam emerges as an important part of frame structures. This article focuses on defining and discussing different aspects of spandrel beams.

What is Spandrel Beam?

In steel or concret…

Columns are the most important structural element in buildings. In this article, we will discuss the definition of columns. Also, a short description of all column types is presented here. …

The concrete slab foundation and its work are very important for making buildings. It can be done in many processes. First of all, the foundation of a building is part of walls, piers, and column…